Table 2 Reported health effects of cigarettes in comparison to e-cigarettes and midwakh
From: A literature review addressing midwakh and e-cigarette use in the Gulf region
Impact of smoking on health | Cigarettes | E-cigarettes | Midwakh |
|---|---|---|---|
Reported cardiovascular complications | Myocardial infarction [49] Atherosclerosis [49] Hypertensive heart Disease [49] Hypertension [49] Hypercholesterolemia [74] | Increase in heart rate [58] Increase in systolic pressure [58] Increase in cardiac contractility [58] Constriction of blood vessels [58] | Increase in heart rate (20 ± 2 bpm) [43, 75] Increase in systolic pressure (12 ± 1 mmHg) [43, 75] Increase in diastolic pressure (1 ± 1 mmHg) [43] Increase in cardiac contractility [75] Constriction of blood vessels [75] |
Reported respiratory symptoms | COPD [49] Chest tightness [76] Coughing [76] Chronic bronchitis [77] Pulmonary emphysema [77] | COPD [58] Chest tightness [78] Coughing [78] Wheezing [78] Bronchial inflammation [78] Interstitial lung diseases [58] | |
Reported cancer risk | Lung cancer [49] Mouth cancer [74] Esophageal cancer [74] Colon cancer [74] Pancreatic cancer [74] Breast cancer [74] Laryngeal cancer [74] Kidney cancer [74] Leukemia [74] Acute myeloid Leukemia [74] Liver cancer [77] Stomach cancer [77] | Lung cancer [79] | Lung cancer [75] |
Reported findings on other health impacts | Type 2 diabetes [49] Dyslipidemia [77] Stroke [49] Reproductive disorders [49] Hypertensive renal Disease [49] | Gingival pain [78] Bleeding [78] Oral pain [78] Cracked/broken teeth [78] Inflammation [78] Gum disease [78] Depression [78] |