Table 7 Mean differences in stigma score for the total scale and sub-scales between different sociodemographic variables
From: Stigma perception and determinants among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iraq
Variables | Total scale stigma score | Treated differently | Blame and judgment | Self-stigma |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
Gender | ||||
Men | 50.11(16.05) | 14.92(5.29) | 19.64(6.07) | 15.53(5.31) |
Women | 54.32(17.75) | 16.45(5.91) | 20.96(6.41) | 16.89(5.85) |
P value (independent samples t test) | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.032 | 0.016 |
Age | ||||
≤ 50 years | 42.44(10.94) | 12.31(3.51) | 17.08(4.62) | 13.04(3.80) |
> 50 years | 56.60(17.33) | 17.18(5.74) | 21.76(6.37) | 17.64(5.68) |
P value (independent samples t test) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Educational level | ||||
No education and primary | 65.82(15.21) | 20.20(5.17) | 24.82(5.65) | 20.80(4.85) |
Intermediate, secondary | 46.42(12.70) | 13.94(4.17) | 18.12(4.87) | 14.35(4.33) |
College and above | 43.20(12.24) | 12.53(3.89) | 17.52(5.19) | 13.14(5.55) |
P value (one-way ANOVA test) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Employment | ||||
Full time | 43.62(11.70) | 12.88(3.86) | 17.35(4.76) | 13.37(3.94) |
Free employee | 53.66(15.76) | 15.91(5.17) | 21.04(5.92) | 16.70(5.27) |
Not employed/housewives | 66.63(15.53) | 20.47(5.27) | 25.16(5.69) | 20.99(4.96) |
P value (one-way ANOVA test) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Monthly family income | ||||
Low | 72.72 (13.95) | 22.87(4.65) | 26.81(5.59) | 23.30(4.17) |
Middle | 53.81(16.10) | 16.25(5.30) | 20.71(6.00) | 16.84(5.26) |
Good | 42.07(12.05) | 12.10(3.71) | 17.29(5.21) | 12.67(4.04) |
P value (one-way ANOVA test) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 47.09 (13.29) | 13.91(4.32) | 18.59(5.18) | 14.57(4.46) |
Single | 44.23(15.46) | 13.20(5.24) | 17.55(5.94) | 13.47(5.07) |
Divorced or widow | 66.08(15.93) | 20.28(5.37) | 25.03(5.82) | 16.05(5.55) |
P value (one-way ANOVA test) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Place of living | ||||
City centers | 44.99 (13.26) | 13.08(4.27) | 18.11(5.35) | 13.78(4.47) |
District and subdistrict | 56.11(16.44) | 17.15(5.41) | 21.45(6.14) | 17.50(5.28) |
Village and cityside | 68.30(15.82) | 21.33(5.05) | 25.22(6.10) | 21.73(4.98) |
P value (one-way ANOVA test) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Duration of the disease (years) | ||||
Less than 1 year | 40.36(10.73) | 11.75(3.24) | 16.15(4.92) | 12.44(3.52) |
1–5 years | 47.77(13.88) | 14.27(4.70) | 18.75(5.24) | 14.73(4.62) |
More than 5 years | 62.62(17.36) | 18.99(5.82) | 23.99(6.25) | 19.63(5.73) |
P value (one-way ANOVA test) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |