Table 1 Estimates of homoscedastic probit model and heteroskedastic probit model, HIECS, 2015
Variables | Probit model | Heteroskedastic probit model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | Marginal effect | Coef. "Mean model" | Marginal effect | |
Intercept | − 2.407*** (0.504) | − 2.398* (1.239) | ||
Male-headed household | 0.363*** (0.087) | 0.045*** (0.009) | 0.816*** (0.204) | 0.061** (0.053) |
Age of household head | − 0.012 (0.0127) | − 0.001 (0.002) | − 0.010 (0.026) | − 0.001 (0.001) |
Squared age of household head | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | − 0.010 (0.026) | 0.001 (0.001) |
Illiterate household head | 0.126* (0.071) | 0.018* (0.010) | 0.239 (0.159) | 0.049** (0.071) |
Educational degree of household head (Dummy variables) | ||||
Having a primary or lower secondary degree Having a secondary or post-secondary degree Having a university degree Having a postgraduate degree None (omitted category) | − 0.196 (0.091) − 0.151* (0.091) − 0.469** (0.154) − 0.028 (0.474) | − 0.015 (0.011) − 0.019* (0.010) − 0.048*** (0.011) − 0.003 (0.063) | − 0.151 (0.212) − 0.352* (0.199) − 1.273** (0.182) − 1.311 (2.176) | − 0.013 (0.023) − 0.053* (0.170) − 0.094*** (0.021) − 0.083* (0.063) |
Employed household head | − 0.255*** (0.474) | − 0.038** (0.012) | − 0.528** (0.162) | − 0.072** (0.069) |
Geographical area: rural lower Egypt | 0.722* (0.367) | 0.126* (0.065) | 1.868* (1.003) | 0.321** (0.091) |
Household size | − 0.0206 (0.027) | − 0.002 (0.003) | 0.158** (0.060) | 0.032** (0.021) |
Proportion of females | 0.437*** (0.132) | 0.059*** (0.018) | 0.592** (0.283) | 0.082** (0.031) |
Proportion of children in household | 0.186 (0.169) | 0.025 (0.023) | 0.297 (0.397) | 0.064 (0.317) |
Proportion of elderly in household | 0.271* (0.135) | 0.037* (0.018) | 0.200** (0.260) | 0.029** (0.012) |
Presence of chronic diseases | 0.324*** (0.064) | 0.039*** (0.007) | 0.769*** (0.152) | 0.097*** (0.032) |
Presence of disability | 0.164 (0.012) | 0.025 (0.021) | 0.118 (0.261) | 0.101 (0.073) |
Proportion of sick members in household | 0.218* (0.19) | 0.031* (0.017) | 0.506* (0.269) | 0.063** (0.072) |
Presence of insurance coverage | − 0.213*** (0.064) | − 0.027*** (0.007) | − 0.447** (0.159) | − 0.042*** (0.029) |
Household total expenditure a | − 0.003 (0.002) | − 0.009 (0.007) | − 0.167*** (0.012) | − 0.071*** (0.47) |
Proportion of wage earners in household | − 0.219 (0.178) | − 0.027 (0.022) | − 4.052** (0.495) | − 0.271*** (0.149) |
Proportion of educated members in household | − 0.551*** (0.164) | − 0.066*** (0.019) | − 1.373** (0.473) | − 0.332*** (0.017) |
Proportion of children covered by Health Insurance | − 0.355 (0.266) | − 0.039 (0.029) | − 1.595 (1.014) | − 0.071 (0.017) |
Proportion of elderly covered by Health Insurance | 0.238 (0.912) | 0.035 (0.721) | 0.934 (1.127) | 0.011 (0.23) |
Type of health insurance coverage (Dummy | ||||
variables) Covered by HIO | − 0.028 (0.174) | − 0.004 (0.023) | − 0.229 (0.423) | − 0.061 (0.093) |
Covered by private insurance | 0.391 (0.433) | 0.068 0.093) | 0.617 (1.02) | 0.252 (0.093) |
Covered by employer-provided private insurance | − 0.279 (0.259) | − 0.031 (0.024) | − 0.594 (0.656) | − 0.081 (0.074) |
Covered by occupational syndicates | 0.391 (0.284) | 0.068 (0.061) | 1.285* (0.684) | 0.168* (0.051) |
Other (omitted category) | ||||
Health provider (Dummy variables) | ||||
HIO hospitals | 4.793** (0.169) | 0.027 (0.028) | 0.161* (0.400) | 0.012* (0.021) |
Public hospitals | 4.275*** (0.101) | 0.085 (0.017) | 0.153* (0.224) | 0.031* (0.021) |
Private hospitals | 0.531*** (0.064) | 0.066*** (0.009) | 1.097* (0.146) | 0.389** (0.071) |
Pharmacy | − 0.081 (0.124) | − 0.026 (0.012) | − 0.418 (0.245) | − 0.076 (0.032) |
Other(omitted category) | ||||
Using outpatient health services | 0.131 (0.101) | 0.019 (0.017) | 0.049* (0.242) | 0.091* (0.021) |
Het-test χ2 | ------ | 52.24*** | ||
LogL | − 1566.968 | − 1541 | ||
Likelihood ratio test | 229.13*** | |||
McFadden’s pseudo R2 | 0.069 | |||
AIC | 3175.94 | 3125.69 | ||
BIC | 3317.12 | 3273.603 | ||
Number of fisher scoring iterations | 6 | 10 | ||
N | 6143 | 6143 | ||