Enhanced mosquitocidal efficacy of pyrethroid insecticides by nanometric emulsion preparation towards Culex pipiens larvae with biochemical and molecular docking studies

Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association

Table 2 Larvicidal activity of the technical, EC, and nanoemulsion of alpha-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and permethrin against C. pipiens larvae

Insecticide	Time of exposure (h)	Type of formulation	LC₅₀^a (μg/L)	95% confidence limits (μg/L)		Slope^b ± SE	Intercept^c ± SE	(χ²)^d
Insecticide	Time of exposure (h)	Type of formulation	LC₅₀^a (μg/L)	Lower	Upper	Slope^b ± SE	Intercept^c ± SE	(χ²)^d
Alpha-cypermethrin	24	T	43	26	46	2.47 ± 0.15	3.66 ± 0.26	20.69
		EC	40	35	64	3.22 ± 0.18	4.31 ± 0.27	35.35
		NE	20	15	26	2.30 ± 0.14	3.94 ± 0.26	22.45
	48	T	40	26	46	2.47 ± 0.15	3.66 ± 0.26	20.69
		EC	38	32	63	3.20 ± 0.18	4.21 ± 0.27	35.32
		NE	18	15	24	2.51 ± 0.15	4.37 ± 0.28	20.59
Deltamethrin	24	T	28	23	36	2.23 ± 0.13	3.45 ± 0.22	21.02
		EC	26	20	31	1.31 ± 0.08	1.52 ± 0.08	73.20
		NE	16	12	21	2.52 ± 0.16	4.50 ± 0.27	43.97
	48	T	25	19	34	2.12 ± 0.13	3.39 ± 0.21	29.62
		EC	24	20	28	1.30 ± 0.08	1.57 ± 0.09	57.09
		NE	13	9	16	2.51 ± 0.17	4.76 ± 0.30	35.17
Lambda-cyhalothrin	24	T	27	17	45	1.47 ± 0.09	2.31 ± 0.17	30.16
		EC	23	12	41	1.25 ± 0.08	2.06 ± 0.14	37.22
		NE	15	11	20	2.05 ± 0.12	3.75 ± 0.23	18.42
	48	T	18	12	27	1.30 ± 0.09	2.27 ± 0.16	18.84
		EC	13	8	18	1.43 ± 0.07	2.72 ± 0.17	17.77
		NE	10	7	14	1.42 ± 0.09	2.85 ± 0.18	19.7
Permethrin	24	T	322	221	506	1.36 ± 0.089	0.67 ± 0.081	22.655
		EC	280	206	392	1.64 ± 0.103	0.91 ± 0.09	20.66
		NE	233	201	270	1.68 ± 0.10	1.06 ± 0.09	07.20
	48	T	225	134	423	1.26 ± 0.08	0.81 ± 0.08	40.21
		EC	196	134	288	1.97 ± 0.12	1.39 ± 0.10	37.04
		NE	127	76	215	1.43 ± 0.08	1.29 ± 0.09	44.54

T technical, EC emulsifiable concentrate, NE nanoemulsion. ^aThe Median lethal concentration. The LC₅₀ value of each compound between the other compound’s confidence limits is not significantly different. However, if the fit confidence intervals (95%) are non-overlapping, there is a significant difference between the compounds. ^bSlope of the concentration mortality regression line ± error (SE). ^cIntercept of the regression line ± SE. ^dChi-squared value