Enhanced mosquitocidal efficacy of pyrethroid insecticides by nanometric emulsion preparation towards Culex pipiens larvae with biochemical and molecular docking studies

Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association

Table 1 The observed visual stability, droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, dynamic (absolute) viscosity, and pH of prepared pyrethroid nanoemulsions

Insecticide	Visual appearance	Droplet size (nm) ± SE	Polydispersity index (PDI) ± SE	Zeta potential (mV)	Viscosity (mPa.s) ± SE	pH	Stability after
Insecticide	Visual appearance	Droplet size (nm) ± SE	Polydispersity index (PDI) ± SE	Zeta potential (mV)	Viscosity (mPa.s) ± SE	pH	Centrifugation at 5000 rpm	Heating-cooling cycle
Alpha-cypermethrin	Clear	90.26^b ± 3.78	0.337^c ± 0.01	− 0.603	60.15^b ± 0.12	8.51	√	×
Deltamethrin	Clear	172.00^a ± 34.07	0.827^a ± 0.10	− 0.669	74.67^a ± 7.86	7.84	√	×
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Clear	168.00^a ± 4.08	0.448^b ± 0.05	− 0.539	53.76^c ± 0.20	8.20	√	×
Permethrin	Clear	72.00^c ± 8.30	0.295^d ± 0.02	− 15.40	50.68^c ± 1.200	8.17	√	×

Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences according to the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test (P ≤ 0.05). (√) refer to the stable state, (×) refer to the non-stable state. Preparation condition: 0.5 % a.i, 44% solvent (DMSO), 15% surfactant (tween 80) and 40.5% water with sonication pulses 9 cycle/s at 75% power for 15 min