Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of survey respondents and their association with psychological impact of the pandemic on the parents and violent discipline against their children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sohag governorate, Egypt, 2020
From: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and related isolation measures on violence against children in Egypt
Parameters | Parents respondents N = 1118 (%) | Parents’ IES-R score ≥ 33 N = 646 (%) | OR | p | Parents’ violent discipline# N = 1012. (%) | OR | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parents’ gender | |||||||
Male ® | 133 (11.9) | 60 (45.1) | 108 (81.2) | ||||
Female | 985 (88.1) | 586 (59.5) | 0.56 | 0.002 | 904 (91.8) | 0.387 | 0.00 |
Parents’ age (years) | OR = 0.791 p = 0.009 | OR = 0.917 p = 0.557 | |||||
20 to <30 | 228 (20.4) | 144 (63.5) | 2.952 | 0.001 | 193 (84.6) | 1.991 | 0.064 |
30 to <40 | 752 (67.2) | 429 (57.0) | 2.287 | 0.007 | 703 (93.5) | 5.181 | 0.000 |
40 to <50 | 89 (8.0) | 55 (61.8) | 2.786 | 0.005 | 80 (89.9) | 3.210 | 0.015 |
≥50 ® | 49 (4.4) | 18 (36.7) | 36 (73.5) | ||||
Parents’ marital status | OR = 1.23 p = 0.322 | OR = 73 × 106 p = 0.997 | |||||
Married | 1,065 (95.3) | 614 (57.7) | 0.38 | 0.09 | 959 (90.0) | 0.00 | 0.99 |
Divorced | 35 (3.1) | 18 (51.4) | 0.30 | 0.07 | 35 (100) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Widow/er ® | 18 (1.6) | 14 (77.8) | 18 (100) | ||||
Parents’ residence | OR = 0.804 p = 0.151 | OR = 0.467 p = 0.001 | |||||
Urban | 901 (80.6) | 530 (58.8) | 1.244 | 0.151 | 829 (92.0) | 2.139 | 0.001 |
Rural | 217 (19.4) | 116 (53.5) | 183 (84.3) | ||||
Parents’ employment | OR = 1.17 p = 0.087 | OR = 0.995 p = 0.973 | |||||
No ® | 285 (25.5) | 157 (55.1) | 256 (89.8) | ||||
Government agency | 741 (66.3) | 425 (57.4) | 1.09 | 0.51 | 674 (91.0) | 1.14 | 0.57 |
Private sector | 49 (4.4) | 39 (79.6) | 3.18 | 0.00 | 44 (89.8) | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Freelancer | 43 (3.8) | 25 (58.1) | 1.13 | 0.71 | 38 (88.4) | 0.86 | 0.77 |
Parents’ highest education | OR = 0.828 p = 0.080 | OR = 0.95 p = 0.779 | |||||
Elementary | 8 (0.7) | 8 (100.0) | 128 × 106 | 0.999 | 8 (100%) | 180 × 106 | 0.999 |
High school | 18 (1.6) | 9 (50.0) | 0.790 | 0.622 | 13 (72.2) | 0.291 | 0.023 |
Bachelors | 505 (45.2) | 301 (59.6) | 1.165 | 0.214 | 463 (91.7) | 1.232 | 0.325 |
Postgraduate ® | 587 (52.5) | 328 (55.9) | 528 (89.9) | ||||
Parents’ income (LE) | OR = 0.69 p = 0.003 | OR = 2.54 p < 0.001 | |||||
≤3000 | 594 (53.1) | 368 (62) | 1.441 | 0.003 | 517 (87) | 0.393 | 0.00 |
˃3000 | 524 (46.9) | 278 (53.1) | 495 (94.5) | ||||
Number of children | OR = 1.11 p = 0.327 | OR=2.51 p < 0.001 | |||||
1® | 207 (18.5) | 116 (56.0) | 163 (78.7) | ||||
2–3 | 808 (72.3) | 466 (57.7) | 1.069 | 0.671 | 756 (93.6) | 3.924 | 0.000 |
4–5 | 89 (8) | 55 (61.8) | 1.269 | 0.358 | 79 (88.8) | 2.133 | 0.044 |
>5 | 14 (1.3) | 9 (64.3) | 1.412 | 0.548 | 14 (100.0) | 436 × 106 | 0.999 |
Children with chronic disease | OR = 0.743 p = 0.239 | OR = 0.687 p = 0.430 | |||||
Yes | 73 (6.5) | 47 (64.4) | 1.35 | 0.239 | 68 (93.2) | 1.455 | 0.43 |
No® | 1045 (93.5) | 599 (57.3) | 944 (90.3) | ||||
Other individuals living with family | OR = 0.815 p = 0.110 | OR = 1.88 p = 0.002 | |||||
Yes | 385 (34.4) | 235 (61.0) | 1.22 | 0.11 | 334 (86.8) | 0.531 | 0.002 |
No ® | 733 (65.6) | 411 (56.1) | 678 (92.5) | ||||
Total | 1118 | 646 (57.8) | 1012 (90.5) | ||||