Inequalities in out-of-pocket health expenditure among women of reproductive age: after-effects of national health insurance scheme initiation in Ghana

Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association

Table 2 Prevalence and concentration index (CI) of maternal healthcare services by neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage level

Indicator	Total healthcare (drugs and services)			Family planning			Laboratory investigations			Antenatal care			Post-natal care			Care for newborn for up to 3 months			Other healthcare
Indicator	I	NI	Total	I	NI	Total	I	NI	Total	I	NI	Total	I	NI	Total	I	NI	Total	I	NI	Total
Quartile 1 (lowest) (%)	45.6	62.5	48.6	1.9	2.1	1.9	17.8	8.6	14.9	2.6	0.3	1.9	1.9	0.7	1.5	1.7	0.1	1.2	19.9	7.7	16.1
Quartile 2 (%)	38.9	56.0	42.7	4.3	1.2	3.2	18.8	8.0	15.3	1.3	0.6	1.1	1.0	0.5	0.8	0.6	0.3	0.5	22.2	8.6	17.5
Quartile 3 (%)	31.8	54.4	37.0	3.5	1.3	2.6	16.1	3.2	11.0	0.4	0.8	0.6	0.4	0.8	0.6	0.3	0.1	0.2	15.1	5.3	11.2
Quartile 4 (highest) (%)	19.8	63.4	27.3	5.0	1.3	3.8	7.1	2.8	5.8	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1	11.0	4.0	8.8
Total (%)	34.2	58.6	39.1	3.6	1.5	2.9	14.9	5.6	11.7	1.2	0.5	0.9	0.9	0.5	0.8	0.7	0.1	0.5	17.1	6.4	13.4
Concentration index (CI)	− 0.156	− 0.001	− 0.111	0.151	− 0.092	0.107	− 0.146	− 0.245	− 0.167	− 0.463	− 0.029	− 0.392	− 0.396	− 0.202	− 0.356	− 0.486	− 0.274	− 0.475	− 0.124	− 0.141	− 0.131
Standard error (SE)	0.010	0.012	0.008	0.037	0.083	0.034	0.017	0.041	0.016	0.067	0.144	0.061	0.076	0.139	0.067	0.088	0.279	0.084	0.016	0.038	0.015
P	< 0.001	0.923	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.263	0.002	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.838	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.147	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.326	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
z-stat	− 9.93			2.69			2.21			− 2.73			− 1.22			− 0.72			0.42
p value	< 0.001			0.007			0.027			0.006			0.222			0.469			0.677

I Insured/covered by health insurance, NI Not insured/not covered by health insurance, z-stat test for statistically significant differences in not insured vs. insured concentration index