Table 1 Characteristics of patients with diabetes and controls in Calabar, Nigeria (N = 330)
Characteristic | Case (n = 165) | Control (n = 165) | Total (n = 330) | Chi-square |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | (p value) | |
Sex | ||||
 Male | 87 (52.7) | 87 (52.7) | 174 (52.7) | 1.00 |
 Female | 78 (47.3) | 78 (47.3) | 156 (47.3) |  |
Age groups (in years) | ||||
 ≤ 40 | 14 (8.5) | 14 (8.5) | 28 (8.5) | 1.00 |
 41–50 | 33 (20.0) | 33 (20.0) | 66 (20.0) |  |
 51–60 | 72 (43.6) | 72 (43.6) | 144 (43.6) |  |
 61–70 | 37 (22.4) | 37 (22.4) | 74 (22.4) |  |
 > 70 | 9 (5.5) | 9 (5.5) | 18 (5.5) |  |
Marital status | ||||
 Married | 122 (73.9) | 145 (87.9) | 267 (80.9) | 0.00 |
 Single | 7 (4.2) | 7 (4.2) | 14 (4.2) |  |
 Divorced/separated | 15 (9.1) | 10 (6.1) | 25 (7.6) |  |
 Widowed | 21 (12.7) | 3 (1.8) | 24 (7.3) |  |
Educational level | ||||
 Primary or less | 33 (20.0) | 4 (2.4) | 37 (11.2) | 0.00 |
 At least secondary | 132 (80.0) | 161 (97.6) | 293 (88.8) |  |
Religion | ||||
 Pentecostal | 74 (44.8) | 51 (30.9) | 125 (75.8) | 0.00 |
 Orthodox | 22 (13.3) | 28 (17.0) | 50 (15.2) |  |
 Catholic | 53 (32.1) | 83 (50.3) | 136 (41.2) |  |
 Others | 16 (9.8) | 3 (1.8) | 19 (5.8) |  |
Smoking status | ||||
 Yes (currently) | 6 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.8) | 0.00 |
 Smoked previously but stopped | 57 (34.5) | 28 (17.0) | 85 (25.8) |  |
 Never | 102 (61.9) | 137 (83.0) | 239 (72.4) |  |
Consume alcohol | ||||
 Frequently | 12 (7.3) | 7 (4.2) | 19 (5.8) | 0.00 |
 Occasionally | 21 (12.7) | 47 (28.5) | 68 (20.6) |  |
 Rarely | 67 (40.6) | 60 (36.4) | 127 (38.5) |  |
 Never | 65 (39.4) | 51 (30.9) | 116 (35.1) |  |
BMI category | ||||
 Normal | 41 (24.9) | 87 (52.7) | 128 (38.8) | 0.00 |
 Overweight | 85 (51.5) | 75 (45.5) | 160 (48.5) |  |
 Obese | 39 (23.6) | 3 (1.8) | 42 (12.7) |  |
Comorbid hypertension | ||||
 Yes | 141 (85.5) | 0 (0.0) | 141 (42.7) | 0.00 |
 No | 24 (14.5) | 165 (100) | 189 (59.3) |  |