Table 4 Exposure to risks among the studied cases of CAs and their controls in the Pediatric University Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt, October 2015–May 2016
Risks | Percent in cases (n = 100) | Percent in controls (n = 100) | OR | 95% CI (lower-upper) | Chi-square | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paternal risks | ||||||
Age of father | ||||||
45 or more | 12 | 4 | 3.27 | (0.095–0.983) | 4.348 | 0.065 |
Below 45 | 88 | 96 | ||||
Father’s cigarette smoking | 58 | 48 | 1.50 | (0.856–2.614) | 2.007 | 0.202 |
Consanguinity | ||||||
Yes | 47 | 38 | 1.44 | (0.824–2.541) | 1.657 | 0.252 |
No | 53 | 62 | ||||
Maternal risks | ||||||
Age of mother | ||||||
35 or more | 18 | 9 | 2.22 | (0.192–1.058) | 3.468 | 0.097 |
Below 35 | 82 | 91 | ||||
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | 35.3 | 23.9 | 1.74 | (0.821–3.681) | 2.108 | 0.187 |
Number of deliveries | ||||||
More than one | 82 | 71 | 1.86 | (0.954–3.631) | 3.365 | 0.095 |
One | 18 | 29 | ||||
Number of pregnancies | ||||||
More than one | 87 | 77 | 2.00 | (0.948–4.215) | 3.388 | 0.097 |
One | 13 | 23 | ||||
Ovulation support | 12 | 9 | 1.38 | (0.554–3.434) | 0.479 | 0.645 |
Twin pregnancy | 7 | 3 | 2.43 | (0.611–9.694) | 1.684 | 0.331 |
Oligohydramnios | 15 | 3 | 5.71 | (1.597–20.386) | 8.791 | 0.005** |
Hypertension | 26 | 9 | 3.55 | (1.568–8.048) | 10.009 | 0.003** |
Preeclampsia | 7 | 0 | 2.08 | (1.793–2.402) | 7.254 | 0.01** |
Polyhydramnios | 9 | 4 | 2.37 | (0.706–7.977) | 2.057 | 0.251 |
Anemia | 46 | 40 | 1.28 | (0.729–2.239) | 0.734 | 0.475 |
Unprescribed medications | 36 | 17 | 2.75 | (1.416–5.327) | 9.267 | 0.004** |
Excessive vitamin A intake | 46 | 12 | 6.25 | (3.041–12.834) | 28.072 | 0.000** |
Family history of CAs | 39 | 26 | 1.82 | (0.998–3.319) | 3.852 | 0.07 |
Environmental risks | ||||||
Exposure to radiation | 6 | 4 | 1.53 | (0.419–5.603) | 0.421 | 0.748 |
Exposure to chemicals | 28 | 10 | 3.50 | (1.595–7.679) | 10.526 | 0.002** |
Exposure to pesticides | 53 | 33 | 2.29 | (1.291–4.059) | 8.160 | 0.006** |
Living near strengthening mobile stations | 10 | 2 | 5.44 | (1.161–25.521) | 5.674 | 0.033* |
Living near high electricity transmission towers | 9 | 4 | 2.37 | (0.706–7.977) | 2.057 | 0.251 |